相关单位／图 畅游行传媒／整理
江宁织造博物馆内的贾元春省亲微缩模型。Miniature model of Jia Yuanchun’s imperial homecoming scene, displayed at the Jiangning Imperial Silk Manufacturing Museum. 乌凌凌 摄
清代小说《红楼梦》被评为中国古典章回小说的巅峰之作，内容主要叙述带着通灵宝玉转世为世家公子贾宝玉（神瑛侍者），与绛珠仙子转世的林黛玉及薛宝钗的爱情婚姻悲剧。作为故事主要发生地之一的大观园，因景点繁多、结构复杂、山石布局精妙，而被认为光凭想像难以凭空创造。百余年来，坊间对大观园取材何处包括以下数种猜测和说法：
The Qing dynasty novel “Dream of the Red Chamber” is regarded as the pinnacle of China’s classical chapter-based fiction. One of its most significant settings, the Grand View Garden (Daguanyuan), is famed for its abundance of scenic spots, intricate layout, and artful arrangement of rockeries—features so elaborate that it seems implausible to have been conceived purely from imagination. For over a century, various theories have circulated regarding the real-life inspiration behind this fabled garden. Among the most prominent are the following:
1. 随园 Garden of Accommodation (Suiyuan)
袁和《随园图》。Yuan He and Illustrations of Garden of Accommodation. 资料图片
早在清乾隆年间,《绿烟琐窗集》作者富察明义就认为《红楼梦》中的大观园就是南京的随园。富察明义在其《题红楼梦》二十首诗序中说：“曹子雪芹，出所撰红楼梦一部，备记风月繁华之盛。盖其先人为江宁织府，其所谓大观园者，即今随园故址。惜其书未传，世鲜知者，余见其抄本焉。”
据红学家们考证，随园本是曹寅、曹顒、曹兆页等任江宁织造时的曹家花园，曹氏被革职抄家后，家产全部赏赐给了继任织造隋赫德，曹家花园也随之改名为“隋园”。不久隋赫德被革职，花园又被清代学者袁枚购得，并改“隋”为“随”, 于是曹家花园也变成了随园。袁枚在其《随园诗话》（道光四年刻本）中：“……雪芹撰《红楼梦》一部, 备记风月繁华之盛。中有所谓大观园者，即余之随园也。”
As early as the Qianlong reign, Fucha Mingyi, author of “Green Smoke by the Latticed Window”, identified the Grand View Garden with Garden of Accommodation in Nanjing. Scholars of Redology have established that Garden of Accommodation originally belonged to the Cao family—specifically Cao Yin, Cao Yong, and Cao Zhaoye—during their tenure as imperial textile commissioners in Jiangning (modern-day Nanjing). After the Cao family was dismissed and their property confiscated, the estate was granted to their successor, Sui Heide, before later being acquired by the celebrated Qing scholar Yuan Mei, who renamed it Garden of Accommodation.
2. 恭王府 Prince Kung’s Palace
恭王府门口。The Prince Kung’s Palace. 摄图网图
清代中后期一些文人一致认为，大观园位于北京什刹海周边一带。清代诗人谢道隆在《红楼梦分咏绝句题词》中写到：“汊海方塘十亩宽，枯荷瘦柳蘸波寒。落花无主燕归去，犹说荒园古大观。”
近代则有红学专家周汝昌，他认为大观园的原型是北京后海恭王府。在《关于恭王府的通信》中，他对恭王府和大观园在排场、格局、正房等方面的相似之处做了一一列举。周汝昌在1953 年出版的《红楼梦新证》中表示：“根据目前的线索，我很疑心曹雪芹老宅就是现在的北京师范大学女生院，这所宅院的历史如下：曹家—和府—庆王府—恭王府—辅仁大学女生部—北师大女部。”
In the mid-to-late Qing period, a number of literati proposed that the Grand View Garden was modelled after the area surrounding Shichahai in Beijing. In modern times, Redology expert Zhou Ruchang suggested that its prototype was Prince Kung’s Palace by Houhai Lake. In his essay On Prince Kung’s Palace, Zhou drew detailed comparisons between the two, noting similarities in ceremonial arrangements, layout, and the design of the main halls.
恭王府花园。The garden of Prince Kung’s Palace. Temlsth 摄
3. 明珠府邸 The Residence of Mingzhu
据说，当年和珅进呈《红楼梦》，乾隆读后说：“此盖为明珠家事作也。”乾隆一句话，把《红楼梦》与纳兰家族联系了起来，有人以此认定明珠府邸就是大观园，明珠、纳兰性德父子即贾政、宝玉等。
According to legend, when “Dream of the Red Chamber” was presented to the Qianlong Emperor, the emperor remarked, “This must be the affairs of the Mingzhu household.” With this single comment, a link was forged between the novel and the Nalan family, with some thus believing that the Grand View Garden was based on the Mingzhu residence, and that figures such as Mingzhu and his son Nalan Xingde were prototypes for characters like Jia Zheng and Baoyu.
4. 圆明园 The Old Summer Palace (Yuanmingyuan)
圆明园遗址公园内的大水法遗迹。The remains of the Grand Waterworks within the Old Summer Palace Ruins Park. 颐园新居 摄
圆明园是清康熙皇帝赐给皇四子、雍亲王胤禛的赐园，胤禛即帝位（雍正皇帝）后对圆明园大加扩充，后乾隆继续营建圆明园，让继承中国历代优秀造园传统的圆明园盛极一时。
曹雪芹生长于雍乾之际，圆明园最大的扩建工程完成时，他正好开笔创作《红楼梦》。而大观园之大，也恰恰能在圆明园找到匹配。后人依据昔日的圆明园四十景图册，看到不少可与书中大观园对应的部份，因而推断曾在内务府工作的曹雪芹因缘际会下看到了这套图册，并以此为大观园的灵感来源。
Cao Xueqin grew up during the Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns, coinciding with the peak period of expansion at the Old Summer Palace. The immense scale of the Grand View Garden in the novel could plausibly find a counterpart here. Later generations, upon examining the Illustrated Album of Forty Scenes of the Old Summer Palace, observed numerous features that echoed those described in the Grand View Garden, leading to speculation that, during his years working with the Imperial Household Department, Cao Xueqin might have encountered these illustrations, drawing inspiration for his fictional garden.
5. 天津水西庄 Shuixizhuang in Tianjin
水西庄遗址河神庙大门。The entrance gate of the River God Temple at the former site of Shuixizhuang. 资料图片
水西庄位于天津老城以西、南运河南岸，是由天津盐业富商查日干、查为仁父子创建，现已不存。据悉，乾隆帝曾多次驻跸水西庄，并为其赐名并题写“芥园”。据海宁查氏后人传说，水西庄查家与曹雪芹祖父曹寅为世交，江南曹家被抄时，因曹雪芹年幼，举家赴北京时曾将曹雪芹托付给水西庄查家照料。周汝昌等红学家认为，曹雪芹的《红楼梦》与水西庄有关，书中对水西庄景物多有借鉴，如“藕香榭”等，与水西庄景物名称多有相同或近似。
Shuixizhuang was a private garden estate established by Tianjin salt merchants Zha Rigang and his son Zha Weiren, though it no longer survives. According to descendants of the Haining Zha family, the Zha household maintained a longstanding friendship with Cao Yin. Following the confiscation of the Cao family’s estate in Jiangnan, it is said that the young Cao Xueqin was entrusted to the care of the Zha family at Shuixizhuang when the family relocated to Beijing. Scholars including Zhou Ruchang have argued that “Dream of the Red Chamber” bears connections to Shuixizhuang.
6. 江宁织造署西花园 Western Garden of the Jiangning Weaving Bureau
江宁织造博物馆内的江宁织造署微缩模型。Miniature model of the Jiangning Weaving Bureau in Jiangning Imperial Silk Manufacturing Museum. 米兰达 摄
《红楼梦》中贾雨村对冷子兴讲到南京的荣、宁二府和花园时写到：“隔着围墙一望，里面厅殿楼阁，也还都峥嵘轩峻；就是后一带花园子里面树木山石，也还都有蓊蔚烟润之气。”为《红楼梦》作批注的脂砚斋注曰：“后字何不直用‘西’字。恐先生堕泪，故不取用‘西’字。”后人以此推断，脂砚斋是在暗示大观园即江宁织造署的西花园。
Zhiyanzhai, the commentator and editor of “Dream of the Red Chamber”, hinted in his notes that the Grand View Garden was inspired by the Western Garden of the Qing-era Jiangning Weaving Bureau. His annotations, made alongside Cao Xueqin’s descriptions of the Rong and Ning mansions and their gardens, suggest an intimate connection between the fictional estate and this real-life counterpart.
